Unveiling the Enduring Legacy of Superman
Superman is a fictional superhero that appears in DC Comics’ American comic books. The character had his comic book debut in Action Comics #1 (cover-dated June 1938 and released April 18, 1938), which was developed by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster. Superman’s Origins and Alter Ego Krypton, a dying advanced civilization, is where Superman’s story begins. Jor-El, a brilliant scientist and member of Krypton’s ruling council, discovered that their planet was doomed due to its unstable core. Jor-El and Lara made the painful decision to transfer their young son, Kal-El, to Earth on a small spaceship after the council failed to act. Upon arriving on Earth, Kal-El’s spacecraft crash-landed in Smallville, Kansas. Jonathan and Martha Kent, a caring and loving couple, adopted him. They named him Clark Kent and taught him strong moral values, shaping his future as a superhero.
As Clark grew up, he discovered that he possessed extraordinary powers due to Earth’s yellow sun, which granted him abilities far beyond those of ordinary humans. His adoptive parents taught him to help others and uphold justice. Clark became a Daily Planet reporter after coming to Metropolis. He invented Superman, with a red cape and the “S” insignia, at this time. This altered ego allowed him to maintain his anonymity while fighting crime and protecting the innocent. Comics, TV, and movies have included Superman. Batman, Wonder Woman, and The Flash established the Justice League. Superman inspires hope and justice with his powers.
Superman’s Creation and conception
Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, Cleveland high school students, created Superman in the 1930s. Siegel and Shuster loved comic strips and science fiction and wanted to create a figure like their heroes.
“Superman” got telepathic powers. After consideration, the character became a superpowered superhero. Superman’s super-strength, invulnerability, and flight came from mythological heroes and science fiction.
The team tried to sell their work to comic strip syndicates and publishers for years but was unsuccessful. DC Comics (formerly National Allied Publications) finally published the Superman story in the first issue of Action Comics in 1938. The superhero genre began with Superman’s June 1938 debut in Action Comics #1.
Superman’s origin hasn’t changed. His parents, Jor-El and Lara, sent him to Earth as an infant before Krypton’s destruction. Clark Kent was raised by Jonathan and Martha Kent in Smallville, Kansas. Clark grows up and learns his superpowers, becoming Superman to protect Earth.
Superman’s boots, cape, and “S” are red. This design has evolved since its introduction.
Superman has symbolized optimism, justice, and America since his creation. He’s a famous superhero in comics, TV, and movies.
Comics
Comics are illustrated stories with text. Comic strips, comic books, graphic novels, and webcomics can present them. Comics evolved from hieroglyphics and medieval tapestries. In the early 20th century, modern comic books emerged.
The Yellow Kid, Buster Brown, and Little Nemo in Slumberland were the earliest newspaper comic strips. Comic books were created by collecting and reprinting these strips. In 1933, Famous Funnies was the first American comic book.
Superman’s 1938 Action Comics #1 debut started the superhero genre in the comics’ Golden Age (1938-1955). Captain America, The Flash, Wonder Woman, and Batman formed. Crime, romance, and horror thrived alongside superheroes in comics.
The Silver Age (1956-1970) brought back Spider-Man, X-Men, and Fantastic Four. Storytelling and character development advanced throughout this time.
Comic books were more realistic and socially relevant during the Bronze Age (1970–1985), addressing drug addiction, racism, and environmentalism. Independent and underground comic book publishers emerged, offering alternatives to mainstream comics.
Comic book genres, styles, and storytelling have expanded since 1985. Image and Dark Horse Comics have championed superheroes since “Watchmen” by Alan Moore and “The Dark Knight Returns” by Frank Miller.
Comics feature many storylines and characters of different ages and backgrounds. Webcomics and digital comics have become popular, giving authors new audiences and storytelling methods.
Superman’s Evolution in Newspaper Strips
Superman’s evolution in newspaper strips parallels the development and growth of the character in comic books. The newspaper strips allowed Superman’s adventures to reach a wider audience and further solidified his status as an iconic superhero. Here is an overview of Superman’s evolution in newspaper strips:
Debut and Early Years (1939-the 1940s):
Launched on January 16, 1939, the Superman daily newspaper strip was written by Superman co-creator Jerry Siegel and primarily illustrated by Joe Shuster and his studio. The daily strip initially adapted stories that had already appeared in comic books but soon began to feature original storylines. The Sunday edition, launched on November 5, 1939, featured color strips with separate storylines from the daily continuity. Early storylines in the newspaper strips introduced important elements such as the first appearance of Lex Luthor (then known as Alexei Luthor) and the first use of kryptonite.
Expanding the Mythos (1940s-1950s):
During this period, the Superman newspaper strips continued to expand the character’s mythos, introducing new characters and concepts. The strips featured more elaborate stories and further explored Superman’s relationships with supporting characters like Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen. The strips also introduced characters such as Mr. Mxyzptlk and the Prankster, who became recurring adversaries in Superman’s adventures.
The Silver Age Influence (1950s-1960s):
The Superman newspaper strips were influenced by the Silver Age of comic books, and the stories often mirrored the lighthearted and fantastical elements prevalent in comic book stories of the time. The strips showcased Superman’s ever-expanding powers and often featured science fiction elements, time travel, and parallel universes.
Decline and End of the Strips (1960s):
In the 1960s, newspaper strips declined, including the Superman strip. Short, self-contained strips replaced serialized narratives. The 27-year-old Superman newspaper strip ended on May 1, 1966.
Throughout their existence, the Superman newspaper strips played a significant role in the character’s evolution and popularization. The strips have since been collected and reprinted in various formats, allowing fans to revisit these classic stories and appreciate their impact on the iconic superhero.
Superman’s Evolution in Other Media
Radio: The Adventures of Superman radio show debuted in 1940, with Bud Collyer providing the voice for both Clark Kent and Superman. This radio program introduced many elements that later became staples of the character’s mythology, including characters like Daily Planet editor Perry White and intrepid reporter Lois Lane.
Animation: Superman’s first appearance in animation was in a series of seventeen theatrical animated shorts produced by Fleischer Studios and Famous Studios from 1941 to 1943. These cartoons showcased Superman’s incredible strength, speed, and invulnerability and featured beautiful, fluid animation that remains iconic even today.
Live-action television: Live-action television: George Reeves’ 1950s Superman series Adventures of Superman was the first. This series showcased a more light-hearted and family-friendly version of the character. Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1993-1997), starring Dean Cain, and Smallville (2001-2011), featuring Tom Welling as a youthful Clark Kent, have featured Superman in live-action TV programs.
Film: Superman and the Mole Men (1951) was George Reeves’ first live-action Superman film. Christopher Reeve starred in Superman. Superman Returns (2006), Man of Steel (2013), and Cavill’s DCEU appearances followed these sequels.
Justice League and Super Friends featured Superman Doomsday, All-Star Superman, and Superman: Death are animated direct-to-video films. Superman Returns (2006), Man of Steel (2013), and Cavill’s DCEU appearances followed these sequels.
Justice League and Super Friends featured Superman. The Death of Superman, All-Star Superman, and Superman: Doomsday are animated direct-to-video films.
Video games: Superman debuted in the 1979 Atari 2600 game Superman. Since then, he has played prominent characters and ensemble casts in video games such as Superman: The Man of Steel (2002), Injustice: Gods Among Us (2013), and Injustice 2 (2017).
Superman’s Powers, Abilities, and Weaknesses: A Comprehensive Guide
Superman, a powerful superhero, has enthralled followers for years.
Initial Abilities and Limitations
In his debut appearance in Action Comics #1 (1938), Superman’s abilities were relatively limited compared to what they would become. He could carry big objects, leap one-eighth of a mile, and outrun a locomotive initially. He was invulnerable to bullets, explosions, and other injuries, but not invincible.
Expanding and Adapting Powers
As Superman’s popularity grew, his powers evolved and expanded. Some of the most iconic abilities were introduced in the following years:
Flight: Originally, Superman could only leap great distances. Flying made him renowned in the early 1940s.
Heat Vision: In the 1940s, Superman’s eyes could emit tremendous heat rays.
X-Ray Vision: This ability allowed Superman to see through solid objects, except for lead.The early 1940s.
Super Hearing: In the early 1940s, Superman was able to hear frequencies beyond human hearing and distant sounds. Super Breath and Freeze Breath: In the 1940s and 1950s, Superman’s breath gained extraordinary power, enabling him to create strong gusts of wind or freeze objects and enemies.
Super Speed: Although Superman was always fast, his speed increased significantly over time, allowing him to rival characters like The Flash.
Modern Interpretations
Superman’s powers have changed with reboots and reinterpretations. Some versions of Superman have showcased unique abilities, such as energy manipulation, telekinesis, or even the power to rebuild destroyed matter.
Superman’s powers have been weakened by Kryptonite, material from his native planet, and red sunlight. These limitations have provided creators with opportunities to explore the character’s vulnerability and humanity.
Despite his incredible powers, Superman does have a few weaknesses. These include:
Kryptonite, a substance from Krypton, weakens and kills Superman.
Magic: Superman is vulnerable to magic, which can bypass his invulnerability and harm him.
Red sun radiation: Exposure to red sun radiation can weaken Superman and diminish his powers.
Evolution
Popular culture and storytelling have changed Superman’s strengths and weaknesses. From his early days as a straightforward hero in the Golden Age of comics to his more complex and conflicted modern interpretations, Superman’s abilities and vulnerabilities have continued to captivate fans and inspire awe and wonder.
Superman: An Allegory for the Immigrant Experience
The immigrant experience is one of Superman’s most dramatic and enduring interpretations. Superman, created by two Jewish immigrants, represents many immigrant hopes and worries. Superman symbolizes immigration in this article.
Origins
Many immigrants immigrated to America seeking a better life, like Superman. Krypton, a dying planet, was his birthplace. His parents transported him to Earth in a rocket, believing he would live and thrive. Many immigrants have traveled dangerously to find a better life.
Assimilation
Assimilation into American society is similar to Superman’s dual identity as Clark Kent and Superman. Clark Kent represents Superman’s desire to blend in with mankind and hide his actual nature, symbolizing the struggles many immigrants encounter as they adapt to a new culture while maintaining their traditions and ideals.
Persecution
Superman’s vulnerability to Kryptonite has been compared to immigrants’ persecution and discrimination in America. Prejudice and discrimination weaken even the strongest like Kryptonite. Superman’s persistent dedication to justice and the greater good shows how persecuted people can overcome adversity and change the world.
Hope
Superman and immigrants both embody hope and optimism despite their hurdles. Superman’s tremendous talents and undying dedication to justice and the greater good encourage us to think that one individual can make a difference and that a brighter future is possible. Immigrants who come to America for a better life symbolize hope and optimism, and their stories demonstrate human perseverance and courage.
Superman: Exploring Religious Themes in the Man of Steel
Superman’s religious symbolism and superpowers are well known. Superman’s narrative echoes religious ideas and imagery, from his origins as a messianic figure to his function as a symbol of hope and inspiration. This article examines Superman’s religious themes.
The Messiah
Like Moses, Superman’s parents sent him away. Krypton threatened Earth, so Superman came. He proves one individual can change the world as a messiah.
Redeeming Sacrifice
Superman’s sacrifice and salvation echo numerous religious traditions. He will die to save others. “The Death of Superman” is often equated to Jesus Christ’s sacrifice, and his resurrection symbolizes hope and redemption.
Hope Symbol
Superman symbolizes hope because he represents the finest of humanity and the potential for goodness in all of us. This symbolism is often connected to Jesus Christ, who is a global symbol of hope and inspiration.
Ethical Behavior
Many religions influence Superman’s morality. He will defend the innocent, truth, justice, and the greater good. His commitment to these concepts emphasizes morality and ethics.
Superman’s Villains: A Showcase of Memorable Antagonists
A dynamic adversary cast completes any superhero plot. Superman’s foes have varied goals and abilities. These villains not only test Superman’s physical and mental limits but also serve as a reflection of the darker aspects of humanity.
Lex Luthor: The Genius Arch-Nemesis
Lex Luthor, Superman’s archenemy, is a cunning, cruel businessman. He plots to destroy Superman with his superior intellect and wealth. Luthor’s fixation with Superman shows how jealousy and obsession can destroy.
Rogue Kryptonian General Zod
General Zod, a power-hungry Kryptonian military leader, poses a significant threat to Superman due to his shared Kryptonian heritage. Zod resembles Superman but is eviler. Superman must face the risks and responsibilities of his power to conquer and dominate.
Alien Brainiac Menace
Brainiac, a highly intelligent and technologically advanced alien, collects and retains knowledge from civilizations around the cosmos, often at the expense of others. Brainiac’s persistent danger to Earth and its people lead Superman to confront the universe’s enormous unknowns and his own boundaries.
Doomsday: Ultimate Physical Challenge
Superman’s biggest physical challenge is Doomsday, a genetically manufactured creature meant to destroy. In “The Death of Superman,” Doomsday and Superman fight to the death. This strong foe compels Superman to face his mortality and the repercussions of his unrelenting dedication to humanity.
Symbolism and Motifs
The “S” Symbol: The House of El
The iconic “S” emblem on Superman’s chest has become a symbol synonymous with the character. While it is often mistaken for the first letter of his superhero moniker, it actually represents the Kryptonian symbol for the House of El, Superman’s biological family. The emblem signifies hope, strength, and resilience, which are values that Superman embodies in his quest for truth and justice.
Truth, Justice, and American Values
Superman represents “Truth, Justice, and the American Way.” Superman fights evil with this motto. Truth and justice are universal, but the “American Way” now includes freedom, equality, and happiness. Superman inspires the world by embodying these values.
The Evolution of Superman’s Costume
Classic Costume Elements
Since Action, Comics #1 (1938), Superman’s costume has changed. Action Comics #1 (1938) modified Superman’s costume. Blue bodysuit, red trunks, yellow belt, red boots, and a flowing red cape were the first design. The House of El “S” insignia on his chest completed the ensemble. The traditional design’s vivid colors and bold lines conveyed the character’s strength and nobility.
Contemporary Adaptations
Superman’s suit has evolved with shifting tastes. Notable adaptations:
The 1980s: Simplified “S” insignia and deeper blue bodysuit.
The 1990s: “The Death and Return of Superman” storyline saw Superman wear a black bodysuit with a silver “S” emblem, a silver arm gauntlet, and no cape.
The New 52: The 2011 redesign eliminated the red trunks and added a high collar, red belt, and armor-like elements to the blue bodysuit.
Rebirth: A 2016 return to a traditional design with modern accents like a more streamlined “S” emblem, a blue belt, and the red trunks integrated into the bodysuit.
Disputes and Changes
Fans and creators have debated Superman’s costume. The character’s classic design, notably the red trunks, is vital to his identity, although others feel current reproductions should be more realistic or practical.
Superman’s suit symbolizes truth, justice, and innocence. Superman’s clothes represent comics’ ever-changing appeal.
DC’s Superman
Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, and the Flash form the Justice League. They safeguard people together. His leadership and constant commitment to safeguarding the innocent have earned him respect from his fellow heroes and the people he protects.
The Many Faces of Superman: A Retrospective on Notable Actors
Several great actors have played Superman. Here are some of the best Superman representations.
Superman: George Reeves
George Reeves played Superman in the 1950s TV series “Adventures of Superman.” He defined Superman and Clark Kent for a generation, setting the standard for future versions.
Christopher Reeve: Superman.
“Superman: The Movie” and its sequels include Christopher Reeve’s quintessential Superman performance. Reeve’s charming and genuine performance perfectly blended Superman’s heroism with Clark Kent’s charm and comedy.
Dean Cain: The Romantic Hero in “Lois & Clark:
Dean Cain and Teri Hatcher participated in the 1990s TV series “Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman.” Lois Lane’s romantic bond humanized Clark Kent in this iteration.
Tom Welling’s Coming-of-Age in “Smallville”
In “Smallville,” Tom Welling played a young Clark Kent who discovered his talents and became a superhero. The presentation explored Clark’s early struggles and successes, giving a new perspective on his origin.
Superman Henry Cavill
Starting with “Man of Steel” (2013), Henry Cavill’s Superman in the DCEU films was modern and grounded. Cavill’s Superman is deep and nuanced, struggling with his responsibilities and powers.
Superman’s Influence
Superman’s Impact on Comics
Superman changed comic book storytelling and illustration. He created a new genre that would dominate comic books as the first superhero.
Many creative writers and artists have shaped Superman’s story and image. They shaped the character’s evolution and other comic book heroes’ portrayals.
Superman comics’ action-packed art style has inspired many artists to try new approaches and visual narrative tactics. Thus, Superman’s creation has influenced innumerable DC Universe and other comic books.
Superman’s Influence on Music, Art, and Literature
Superman has influenced music, visual art, and literature. Superman has inspired several musicians’ songs and albums.
Many artists have reimagined Superman’s costume and emblem. Superman comics have inspired writers to examine his mythos and heroics.
Heroism Inspired by Superman
Superman inspires real-life heroics. His candor, fairness, and compassion have inspired millions to transform the world.
Superman inspires firefighters, community activists, and philanthropists. The “S” symbol, representing hope and strength, helps top performers.
Future Superheroes
Superman influenced DC superheroes. His morality, justice, and compassion inspired many heroes. Superman inspired Batman, Wonder Woman, and all superheroes.
Superman and Futurism
Superman influenced science fiction, futurism, and comics. Superman’s stories often feature advanced technologies, extraterrestrial civilizations, and futuristic ideas, popularizing and exploring human invention and the universe’s secrets.
Superman’s Kryptonian origins and superhuman skills have inspired many science fiction stories, which have led to real-world scientific advances and new technology. Thus, the Man of Steel influences human growth and innovation beyond comic books and superheroes.
Superman’s Influence on Fashion and Design
Superman’s “S”-emblazoned outfit has influenced fashion. Superman’s style has inspired countless Superman-themed outfits, accessories, and commodities. Superman’s suit influenced superhero and fan items.
Superman’s look has enthralled fans and artists for decades.
Superman’s Impact on Pop Culture and Society
Superman’s influence stretches beyond comic books and television and film. One of the popular culture’s most recognizable icons, Superman symbolizes optimism and heroism. We investigate how Superman has influenced pop culture and society beyond his medium.
The Superman Effect on Superheroes
Superman inspired others. He created heroes.
As the first superhero, he set the standard.
Superman and Fandom
Beyond comics, movies, and other media, Superman’s influence is widespread. Fandom and culture were formed by the character. Over the years, Superman fans worldwide have developed a diverse community.
Superman fans share their passion for the character and his tale through forums, social media, and fan gatherings. Fans can debate their favorite themes and adaptations and celebrate the Man of Steel’s continuing effect in these forums.
The Role of Superman in the Formation of Superhero Teams
The Justice League was formed by Superman. As a founding member, his leadership and moral compass have guided the team through many battles and hardships, displaying the power of unity in adversity. The Justice League inspired superhero teams like the Avengers and X-Men, emphasizing teamwork in the fight against evil.
Copyright issues
Superman’s copyright history is tricky. Given the character’s success, Siegel & Shuster sold the rights to the publisher for a pittance. For years, the creators and their estates have fought DC Comics and Warner Bros. for character ownership or a larger share of earnings.
A 1976 copyright law permitted authors or their heirs to terminate a copyright grant and restore their rights. The Siegel and Shuster estates filed actions to regain Superman.
In 2008, a U.S. District Court granted the Siegel estate partial copyright ownership of the character’s origin tale and clothing. A 2012 U.S. The Siegel estate’s 2001 deal with DC Comics terminated their character rights, thus the Court of Appeals overturned this finding.
The Shuster estate failed in court to regain Superman. The Shuster estate lost their Superman copyright when it signed a 1992 agreement with DC Comics, a U.S. District Court judge decided in 2012.
Despite these legal disputes, DC Comics and Warner Bros. retain the principal rights to Superman, allowing them to profit from Superman-related media. However, the character’s complicated copyright history has sparked discussions about authors’ rights and appropriate recompense in comics and other creative industries.
The Lasting Legacy of Superman’s Creators: Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster
Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster’s Superman Legacy
Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster’s Superman transformed comic books and popular culture. Their groundbreaking character paved the way for the superhero genre, inspiring countless writers and artists to create their own heroic figures.
Fans, creators, and critics have lauded Siegel and Shuster’s comics pioneering. Their work on Superman continues to influence the medium to this day, and their iconic character serves as a testament to their creativity and imagination.
The Future of Superman: New Adaptations and Beyond
As we look ahead to Superman’s future, it’s evident that his ageless appeal and unflinching dedication to justice will continue to enchant viewers worldwide. With fresh adaptations and comic book plots, the Man of Steel’s legacy will inspire future generations.
People Also Ask (FAQs)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Superman:
Who is Superman?
Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster invented Superman. DC Comics released Action Comics #1 in 1938. Superman’s parents sent him to Earth as a baby before Krypton was destroyed. Jonathan and Martha Kent named him Clark Kent.
What are Superman’s powers?
Superman’s powers include:
Super strength
Invulnerability
Flight
Super speed
Heat vision
X-ray vision
Freeze breath
Enhanced senses
What is Superman’s weakness?
Superman’s vulnerability is radioactive Kryptonite. Exposure to Kryptonite weakens Superman and can ultimately kill him. He is also vulnerable to magic and can be affected by powerful telepathic or mental attacks.
Who is Superman’s alter ego?
Superman’s alter ego, Metropolis Daily Planet reporter Clark Kent, is polite. Clark Kent maintains a human identity and lives a relatively normal life while concealing his superhuman abilities.
Who are Superman’s main love interests?
Superman’s girlfriend is Daily Planet reporter Lois Lane. He has also dated Lana Lang, his childhood sweetheart, and Wonder Woman, a superhero.
Who are Superman’s enemies?
Some of Superman’s most notable enemies include:
Lex Luthor, a wealthy businessman and genius inventor
General Zod, a Kryptonian military leader
Brainiac, an advanced alien artificial intelligence
Darkseid, Apokolips’ tyrant, Doomsday, a genetically-engineered beast capable of murdering Superman
Fortress of Solitude?
Superman’s hidden base is the Arctic Fortress of Solitude. It serves as his sanctuary and laboratory, housing advanced technology from Krypton, as well as a vast collection of knowledge from across the universe.
How does Superman fly?
Superman can fly because Earth’s gravity is lower than Krypton’s and his body can collect and store solar energy from Earth’s yellow sun. He can fly supersonically and defy gravity by manipulating his energy field.
Has Superman ever died?
Doomsday kills Superman in “The Death of Superman” (1992). He later awakens from a severe coma. The character has experienced other temporary deaths or near-death situations in various storylines.
What other media has Superman appeared in?
TV, radio, and gaming include Superman. “Adventures of Superman” with George Reeves, “Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman,” “Superman: The Animated Series,” “Man of Steel” and “Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice” are notable adaptations.
Who are some actors who have portrayed Superman?
Various actors have played Superman across different media platforms. Some of the most notable portrayals include:
Kirk Alyn in the 1948 and 1950 serials
George Reeves in the 1950s TV series “Adventures of Superman”
Christopher Reeve in the 1978-1987 film series
Dean Cain in the 1990s TV series “Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman”
Tom Welling in the 2001-2011 TV series “Smallville”
Brandon Routh in “Superman Returns” (2006) and the Arrowverse TV series as an alternate Superman Henry Cavill in the DC Extended Universe films, starting with “Man of Steel” (2013)
Why does Superman’s chest have an “S”?
The “S” symbol, also known as the House of El Crest, is a Kryptonian symbol representing hope. It is the family crest of Superman’s biological parents, Jor-El and Lara Lor-Van. On Earth, the symbol has become synonymous with Superman and his mission to protect humanity and uphold justice.
Is Superman the only DC Universe Kryptonian?
Supergirl (Kara Zor-El), Superman’s cousin, was sent to Earth before Krypton’s destruction.
General Zod, a Kryptonian military leader and adversary of Superman
Power Girl (Kara Zor-L), an alternate version of Supergirl from Earth-2
Krypto the Superdog, Superman’s pet dog with similar powers
What is the Justice League?
DC superheroes form the Justice League to defend Earth. Batman, Wonder Woman, The Flash, Green Lantern, Aquaman, and Martian Manhunter formed the Justice League.
Has Superman changed?
Superman’s ideals and culture have changed since 1938. He initially fought corruption and unfairness. He faced greater cosmic perils as his talents grew. To stay contemporary, the character has been redesigned multiple times, exploring his alien heritage, his ties with other heroes, and his function as a symbol of optimism and a target of criticism.
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